Between the Lighthouse and the Labyrinth – Murillo Gutier

Superior Courts as Supreme Courts and the Paradoxes of the Precedent-Based Model in Brazilian Law

Murillo Gutier | murillo@gutier.adv.br


Abstract

This article critically examines the Supreme Court model proposed by Daniel Mitidiero, Luiz Guilherme Marinoni, and Hermes Zaneti Jr. within the context of Brazilian procedural law. The model advocates for transforming the Federal Supreme Court (STF) and the Superior Court of Justice (STJ) into Supreme Courts endowed with the power to issue binding precedents of a prospective nature. Drawing upon the philosophical critique of Eduardo José da Fonseca Costa and the democratic procedural theory of Rosemiro Pereira Leal, the article identifies six internal paradoxes that undermine the model’s sustainability in light of the Federal Constitution of 1988: (1) incompatibility with the constitutional function of the Superior Courts as appellate review tribunals; (2) the establishment of an interpretive monopoly as an instrument of normative domination; (3) the reduction of judicial proceedings to instruments of authority rather than democracy; (4) the treatment of the concrete case as a mere pretext for the creation of abstract norms; (5) the impossibility of reviewing precedents and the consequent petrification of law; and (6) the legislative importation of a cultural and juridical “mode of being” that Brazil does not yet possess. The article concludes that a constitutionally adequate theory of precedents must be grounded in democratic legitimacy, procedural participation, and respect for the concrete case, rather than in the vertical imposition of norms detached from social and historical reality.

Keywords: Supreme Courts; Binding Precedents; Democratic Legitimacy; Brazilian Procedural Law; Constitutional Function; Paradoxes of the Precedent Model.


Between the Lighthouse and the Labyrinth - Murillo Gutier (49 downloads )

Entre le Phare et le Labyrinthe – Murillo Gutier

Les Tribunaux Supérieurs en tant que Cours Suprêmes et les Paradoxes du Modèle Précédentiste en Droit Brésilien

Murillo Gutier | murillo@gutier.adv.br


Résumé

Cet article analyse le modèle des Cours Suprêmes proposé par Daniel Mitidiero, Luiz Guilherme Marinoni et Hermes Zaneti Jr. dans le contexte du droit processuel brésilien et identifie six paradoxes internes qui compromettent sa viabilité à la lumière de la Constitution Fédérale de 1988. En s’appuyant sur l’analyse philosophique d’Eduardo José da Fonseca Costa et la théorie processuelle démocratique de Rosemiro Pereira Leal, l’étude met en évidence les contradictions entre la prétention à un monopole interprétatif transcendantal et la fonction constitutionnelle des Tribunaux Supérieurs en tant que tribunaux de révision en appel. L’étude examine également l’absence du « mode d’être » culturel et herméneutique nécessaire à un système de précédents contraignants au Brésil et propose qu’une théorie genuinement brésilienne des précédents doit être construite sur la base de la légitimité démocratique, du procès équitable et de la participation constitutionnellement garantie des parties au procès.

Mots-clés : Précédents. Cours Suprêmes. État Démocratique de Droit. Code de Procédure Civile de 2015. Constitution Fédérale de 1988. Droit Processuel Brésilien. Dispersion Jurisprudentielle. Herméneutique. Légitimité Démocratique.


Entre le Phare et le Labyrinthe - Murillo Gutier (42 downloads )

Zwischen dem Leuchtturm und dem Labyrinth – Murillo Gutier

Übergeordnete Gerichte als Oberste Gerichtshöfe und die Paradoxien des Präzedenzfallmodells im brasilianischen Recht

Murillo Gutier | murillo@gutier.adv.br


Zusammenfassung

Dieser Artikel analysiert das von Daniel Mitidiero, Luiz Guilherme Marinoni und Hermes Zaneti Jr. vorgeschlagene Modell der Obersten Gerichtshöfe im Kontext des brasilianischen Prozessrechts und identifiziert sechs innere Paradoxien, die seine Tragfähigkeit im Lichte der Bundesverfassung von 1988 gefährden. Unter Rückgriff auf die philosophische Analyse von Eduardo José da Fonseca Costa und die demokratische Prozesstheorie von Rosemiro Pereira Leal werden die Widersprüche zwischen dem Anspruch auf ein transzendentales Interpretationsmonopol und der verfassungsrechtlichen Funktion der übergeordneten Gerichte als Rechtsmittelgerichte herausgearbeitet. Die Studie untersucht ferner das Fehlen der notwendigen kulturellen und hermeneutischen Grundlage für ein System verbindlicher Präzedenzfälle in Brasilien und schlägt vor, dass eine genuinbrasilianische Theorie der Präzedenzfälle auf der demokratischen Legitimität, dem fairen Verfahren und der konstitutionell garantierten Beteiligung der Verfahrensparteien aufgebaut werden muss.

Schlüsselwörter: Präzedenzfälle. Oberste Gerichtshöfe. Demokratischer Rechtsstaat. Zivilprozessordnung von 2015. Bundesverfassung von 1988. Brasilianisches Prozessrecht. Rechtsprechungsdispersion. Hermeneutik. Demokratische Legitimität.


Zwischen dem Leuchtturm und dem Labyrinth - Murillo Gutier (170 downloads )

Da Liquidação de Sentença – Murillo Gutier

Murillo Gutier | murillo@gutier.adv.br


Resumo

O presente trabalho examina o instituto da liquidação de sentença no Direito Processual Civil brasileiro, abordando desde o contexto do pedido determinado como regra geral até as formas de liquidação da obrigação previstas no Código de Processo Civil de 2015. O estudo analisa o pedido genérico como exceção autorizada por lei, as hipóteses do art. 324, § 1.º, do CPC, e os três métodos de liquidação: por cálculo aritmético, por arbitramento e pelo procedimento comum. Além disso, são examinados os efeitos da decisão que encerra a liquidação, a fidelidade ao título executivo, a liquidação na pendência de recurso e questões específicas como a liquidação zero e a liquidação de sentença coletiva.

Palavras-chave: Liquidação de sentença. Pedido determinado. Pedido genérico. Cálculo aritmético. Arbitramento. Procedimento comum. Título executivo. Processo de execução. CPC/2015.


Da Liquidação de Sentença - Murillo Gutier (100 downloads )

Richteraktivismus und Juristokratie – Murillo Gutier

Murillo Gutier | murillo@gutier.adv.br


Zusammenfassung

Der vorliegende Artikel untersucht die Phänomene des Richteraktivismus und der Juristokratie im brasilianischen Verfassungsrecht und beleuchtet deren Auswirkungen auf die Gewaltenteilung und die demokratische Legitimität. Zunächst wird zwischen der Verrechtlichung – dem quantitativen Anstieg der Gerichtsverfahren infolge der Erweiterung der Grundrechte durch die Verfassung von 1988 – und dem Richteraktivismus als qualitativem und pathologischem Phänomen unterschieden, bei dem der Richter den Willen des Gesetzgebers durch seine eigene moralische, politische oder ideologische Weltanschauung ersetzt. Die Studie analysiert die Praxis des Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) und thematisiert insbesondere das Problem der Ministrokratie, bei der einzelne Richter durch monokratische Entscheidungen eine individualisierte Verfassungskontrolle ausüben, die das Kollegialitätsprinzip und die demokratische Beratung untergräbt. Abschließend wird argumentiert, dass die politische Debatte in den legitimen institutionellen Räumen – insbesondere im Parlament – stattfinden muss und dass die Autonomie des Rechts und die demokratische Gewaltenteilung dem richterlichen Solipsismus Grenzen setzen müssen.

Schlüsselwörter: Richteraktivismus; Juristokratie; Gewaltenteilung; Verrechtlichung; Ministrokratie; Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF); Verfassungsmäßigkeitskontrolle; demokratische Legitimität; Kollegialitätsprinzip; richterlicher Solipsismus.


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Activisme Judiciaire et Juristocratie dans le Contexte Brésilien

Murillo Gutier | murillo@gutier.adv.br


Résumé

Cet article examine le phénomène de l’activisme judiciaire et de la juristocratie dans le contexte constitutionnel brésilien, en analysant l’hypertrophie du Pouvoir Judiciaire et ses répercussions sur la séparation des pouvoirs et la démocratie. À partir des contributions de Hirschl, Waldron, Streck, Abboud et Godoy, l’étude distingue la judiciarisation — phénomène quantitatif résultant de l’élargissement de l’accès à la justice après la Constitution de 1988 — de l’activisme judiciaire, posture qualitative et pathologique par laquelle le juge substitue sa volonté à celle du législateur. L’article aborde également le problème de la ministocratie au sein du Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), caractérisée par la prédominance de décisions monocratiques individuelles qui compromettent le principe de collégialité. En s’appuyant sur les réflexions d’Ingeborg Maus, Arguelhes et Ribeiro, le texte conclut que la concentration du pouvoir de décision entre les mains de magistrats non élus fragilise la légitimité démocratique et l’autonomie du droit.

Mots-clés : Activisme judiciaire ; Juristocratie ; Séparation des pouvoirs ; Démocratie ; Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) ; Ministocratie ; Décisionnisme judiciaire ; Juridiction constitutionnelle ; Contrôle de constitutionnalité.


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Judicial Activism and Juristocracy in the Brazilian Context

Murillo Gutier | murillo@gutier.adv.br


Abstract

This article examines the phenomenon of judicial activism and the consolidation of a juristocracy in the Brazilian legal system. The study analyzes how the Supreme Federal Court (STF) has progressively expanded its institutional boundaries, appropriating functions historically reserved for the Legislative Power and displacing the center of political discussions toward the judicial sphere. Drawing upon the theoretical framework of Ran Hirschl on juristocracy and Jeremy Waldron on the government of judges, the article distinguishes between judicialization — a natural consequence of the 1988 Constitution — and judicial activism as an interpretive posture that surpasses institutional limits. The work critically examines judicial decisionism, the phenomenon of ministrocracy and the violation of collegiality in constitutional control, relying on the contributions of Lenio Streck, Georges Abboud, and Miguel Godoy. The analysis is further enriched by Byung-Chul Han‘s philosophical critique of self-founded power, which provides a theoretical foundation for understanding activism as a degenerate form of authority that legitimates itself exclusively through itself. The article concludes that all activism compromises democracy and the autonomy of Law, advocating for institutional balance and the primacy of legislative deliberation within the framework of the separation of powers.

Keywords: Judicial Activism; Juristocracy; Separation of Powers; Democracy; Supreme Federal Court (STF); Ministrocracy; Self-Founded Power; Judicial Decisionism; Constitutional Jurisdiction.


Glossary of Procedural Instruments of the Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF)

Abbreviation / ExpressionExplanation in English
STFSupremo Tribunal FederalSupreme Federal Court of Brazil. Highest judicial instance in the Brazilian legal system, functioning as the Constitutional Court. Responsible for upholding the Federal Constitution of 1988, settling conflicts of competence between the branches of government, and exercising concentrated judicial review. Composed of eleven justices (Ministros), appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.
STJSuperior Tribunal de JustiçaSuperior Court of Justice. Highest instance for the interpretation and uniform application of ordinary federal law (below the constitutional level) throughout Brazil. Responsible for harmonizing the jurisprudence of state and federal courts in non-constitutional matters.
ADIAção Direta de InconstitucionalidadeDirect Action of Unconstitutionality. Instrument of concentrated judicial review filed before the STF to challenge the unconstitutionality of a federal law or normative act. The decision has general binding effect (erga omnes). Only the entities listed in Article 103 of the Federal Constitution have standing to bring this action.
ADOAção Direta de Inconstitucionalidade por OmissãoDirect Action of Unconstitutionality by Omission. Instrument aimed at establishing an unconstitutional legislative omission. The STF may set a deadline for the competent body to remedy the omission. Paradigmatic case: ADO 26, concerning the criminalization of homophobia and transphobia.
ADPFArguição de Descumprimento de Preceito FundamentalClaim of Non-Compliance with a Fundamental Constitutional Precept. Subsidiary instrument filed before the STF when no other constitutional remedy is adequate. It may target acts of public authorities at all levels, including pre-constitutional norms — distinguishing it from the ADI.
MIMandado de InjunçãoWrit of Injunction. Instrument for the protection of fundamental rights whose exercise is impossible due to the absence of legislative regulation. Paradigmatic case: MI 4733, decided jointly with ADO 26, leading to the criminalization of homophobia.
RERecurso ExtraordinárioExtraordinary Appeal. Remedy filed before the STF to challenge decisions of lower courts that violate the Federal Constitution. Instrument of diffuse judicial review. Since Constitutional Amendment No. 45/2004, admissibility requires demonstration of “general repercussion” (repercussão geral).
Repercussão GeralGeneral Repercussion. Admissibility requirement for the Extraordinary Appeal (RE) before the STF, introduced by Constitutional Amendment No. 45/2004. The legal question must have significance beyond the individual case. Once recognized, the STF’s decision binds all lower courts in similar cases.
APAção PenalCriminal Action. Before the STF, filed within the Court’s original jurisdiction for persons who enjoy privileged jurisdiction by office (foro por prerrogativa de função). Exemplary cases: AP 1021, 1022, and 1023, cited in connection with the “Ministocracy”.
Controle ConcentradoConcentrated Judicial Review. Constitutional review conducted exclusively by the STF (federal level) or State Courts (state level). Decisions have general and binding effect (erga omnes and efeito vinculante). Instruments include ADI, ADO, ADC, and ADPF.
Controle DifusoDiffuse Judicial Review. Constitutional review exercised by any judge or court in a specific legal dispute. The decision generally produces effects only between the parties (inter partes). It reaches the STF through the Extraordinary Appeal (RE).
Decisão MonocráticaMonocratic Decision. Decision rendered by a single justice of the STF without participation of the full bench. Subject of criticism when issued in constitutional matters without subsequent submission to the full bench — a phenomenon referred to as “Ministocracy”.
PlenárioFull Bench / Plenary Session. Assembly of all eleven justices of the STF. Responsible for deciding the most important constitutional questions. The “virtual plenary” (plenário virtual) allows electronic voting without oral debate — criticized by Godoy as a “silent plenary”.
Efeito VinculanteBinding Effect. Effect of STF decisions in concentrated judicial review, which bind all judicial bodies and public administration entities at all levels. One of the most important features of concentrated constitutional review in Brazil.
Silêncio EloquenteEloquent Silence. Interpretive figure coined by the STF in ADI 347-SP, treating deliberate silence of the constituent legislature as an implicit normative decision. The absence of an express provision is understood as a conscious exclusion that cannot be overcome through judicial construction.
Foro por Prerrogativa de FunçãoPrivileged Jurisdiction by Office. Jurisdictional rule whereby certain officeholders are tried before a higher court by virtue of their office. Federal representatives and senators are subject to the original criminal jurisdiction of the STF for offenses committed in the exercise of their mandate.
Glossary prepared on the basis of the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988, the jurisprudence of the Supremo Tribunal Federal, and the legal literature cited in the article.

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Ativismo Judicial e Juristocracia: A Decisão de Barroso sobre o Aborto como Paradigma do Poder Autofundado

Resumo: O presente artigo investiga os fenômenos do ativismo judicial, da juristocracia e da ministrocracia a partir do voto de despedida do ministro Luís Roberto Barroso, favorável à descriminalização do aborto até a 12ª semana de gestação. Sustenta-se que a manifestação extrapola a função contramajoritária típica do controle de constitucionalidade, convertendo preferências valorativas individuais em norma jurídica.

O estudo analisa o método decisório empregado, demonstrando o recurso a fatores extrajurídicos — visão de mundo, valores pessoais e senso particular de justiça — em detrimento de fundamentos extraídos do texto constitucional ou da legislação vigente. Examina-se, ainda, a supressão do debate democrático no Parlamento, o desrespeito ao conceito de silêncio eloquente do legislador e as consequências institucionais da decisão, como o enfraquecimento da deliberação pública, a perda da autonomia do Direito e o aumento da insegurança jurídica.

A análise é aprofundada à luz da teoria do poder autofundado de Byung-Chul Han, que identifica nessa prática uma forma de autoridade que se legitima exclusivamente por si mesma, dispensando mediação normativa e legitimação democrática. Conclui-se que a decisão representa não apenas um erro jurídico pontual, mas sintoma de patologia institucional que compromete a legitimidade do sistema democrático brasileiro.

Palavras-chave: Ativismo Judicial; Juristocracia; Ministrocracia; Separação de Poderes; Decisionismo; Poder Autofundado; STF; Descriminalização do Aborto.

Autor: Murillo Gutier


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Pontos Cegos dos Tribunais: Ativismo e suas faces

Murillo Gutier | murillo@gutier.adv.br


Resumo

O presente texto examina os pontos cegos na tomada de decisões judiciais, a partir de uma reflexão sobre a obra “A Função Iluminista dos Tribunais”, de Samuel Sales Fonteles. A análise aborda as diversas faces do ativismo judicial no contexto brasileiro, discutindo como a atuação expansiva do Poder Judiciário pode comprometer a separação dos poderes e a legitimidade democrática. O estudo investiga os mecanismos pelos quais os tribunais, ao ultrapassarem os limites de sua competência institucional, criam zonas de invisibilidade decisória — os chamados pontos cegos — que afetam a coerência e a integridade do ordenamento jurídico. Nesse percurso, são examinadas as tensões entre o papel contramajoritário do Judiciário e os riscos do decisionismo, bem como as implicações do ativismo para a autonomia do direito e para a proteção dos direitos fundamentais.

Palavras-chave: Ativismo judicial; Pontos cegos decisórios; Separação dos poderes; Função iluminista dos tribunais; Direitos fundamentais; Decisionismo; Jurisdição constitucional.


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Ativismo e Juristocracia

Murillo Gutier | murillo@gutier.adv.br


Resumo

O presente artigo analisa o fenômeno do ativismo judicial e da juristocracia no contexto constitucional brasileiro, investigando a hipertrofia do Poder Judiciário e suas repercussões sobre a separação dos poderes e a democracia. A partir das contribuições de Hirschl, Waldron, Streck, Abboud e Godoy, o estudo distingue a judicialização — fenômeno quantitativo decorrente da ampliação do acesso à justiça após a Constituição de 1988 — do ativismo judicial, postura qualitativa e patológica pela qual o julgador substitui sua vontade à do legislador. O artigo aborda, ainda, o problema da ministocracia no âmbito do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), caracterizada pela predominância de decisões monocráticas individuais que comprometem o princípio da colegialidade. Apoiando-se nas reflexões de Ingeborg Maus, Arguelhes e Ribeiro, o texto conclui que a concentração do poder decisório nas mãos de magistrados não eleitos fragiliza a legitimidade democrática e a autonomia do direito.

Palavras-chave: Ativismo judicial; Juristocracia; Separação dos poderes; Democracia; Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF); Ministocracia; Decisionismo judicial; Jurisdição constitucional; Controle de constitucionalidade.


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